1. 表示主观推测
即对过去可能发生的情况作推测,其意思大致相当于“可能已经”。如:
Why does he know this? Could someone have told him about it? 他怎么知道? 会是哪个人告诉他了吗?
We could not have heard them because of the noise from the river. 由于有河水声我们不能听见他们的话。
该用法也可将could换成can,但这只限于否定句和疑问句,因为can表推测时不用于肯定句。如:
Can he have left already? 他会已经离开了吗?
They can’t have gone out because the light’s on. 他们不可能出去了,因为灯还亮着。
2. 表示未曾实现的能力
即表示过去本来有能力可以做某事的,但实际上没有那样去做,通常译为“本来可以”“本来能力”等。如:
We could have got in for nothing—nobody was collecting tickets. 我们本可以不买票就进去——根本没人收票。
I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes. 我本可以轻易通过考试,但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。
3. 表示未曾实现的可能性
即表示过去本来可能发生而实际上没有发生的情况,通常译为“本来可以”“本来可能”等:
She could have been seriously injured. 她本来可能伤得很重的。
It’s difficult enough, but it could have been worse. 这事情够困难的了,本来可能会更糟呢!
有时也可根据语境译为“好在没有”“差点”,尤其是当谈论的是“不好”的情况时。如:
She felt miserable. She could have cried. 她感到很痛苦,她差点哭了。
That was a had place to go skiing—you could have broken your leg. 那不是一个滑雪的好地方,好在你没有把腿给摔断。
Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? Somebody could have been hurt. 你为什么把瓶子扔出窗外呢?好在没有砸伤人。
4. 表示未曾实现的想法
即表示过去本来有做某事的打算或意图,但实际上没有实现,通常译为“本来可以”。如:
I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你的,你为什么不向我提出?
I could have given you some hints, but I suppose you thought yourself too grand. 我本可以给你点提示的,但是我认为你太自负了。
5. 表示未曾实现的选择
即表示过去本来可以有机会选择做某事,但实际上没有那样做,通常译为“本来可以”。如:
I could have lent you the money. Why didn’t you ask me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你的,你为什么不向我提出?
You needn’t have walked up; you could have taken the lift. 你没必要走着上去,你本来可以乘电梯的。
6. 表示批评或责备
即表示过去本来有责任或义务应该做某事的,但实际上却没有做成,含有批评和责备的意味,通常译为“本来应该”“本来可以”等。如:
You could have helped me—why did you just sit and watch? 你本来可以帮我一把嘛——为什么你只是坐在那儿观望呢?
I am disappointed that you didn’t tell me. You should have told me. 你没告诉我,我感到很失望,你本来应该告诉我的。
7. 用于虚拟语气
在虚拟条件句中,当谈论过去的情况时,其句型通常是:主句用“could / would / should /might +have+过去分词”,从句用过去完成时。如:
If I hadn’t warned you, you could have been killed. 我如不是警告了你,你就可能丧命了。
If he had known the facts, he could have told us what to do. 如果他了解事实,他是可能告诉我们怎样做的。
引用地址: http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/201109/2547_2.html